Building construction.



PATENTED PEB. I2, 1907.

E. J. WINSLOW.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.

APPLICATION FILED 0CT.20. 1905.

3 SHEETS-SHEET l.

NPATENTED PEB.12, 1907.

E. J. WINSLOW.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.

APPLICATION FILED 00T. 20. 1905.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

IIL-marito a: E. J. W//VSLOW PATBNTED 11513.12

E. J. WINSLOW.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.

APPLICATION FILED 00T. 20. 1905.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

| .Tllldnllllllll u" |||u UUHIILI l I 9&3. bi@ arm UNITED "STATES PATENT OEEIOE.

EDWARD JARvIs wINsLow, or CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.

Specification of Letters Patent.

f Patented Feb. 12, 1907.

Application filed October 20, 1905. SeraINo. 283,584.

Be it known that EDWARD JARvIs WINs-` LOW, citizen of the United States, residing at Chicago, in the county of Cook and State of Illinois, has invented certain new and usful Improvements in Building Constructions, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to improvements in building constructions whereby the same is rendered resistant. to .hydrostatic pressure, im ervious to moisture, and?` sufliciently yie ding to accommodate itself to all usual or ordinary settling. More specifically, the invention relates to an integral impervious shell for lining an excavation, so as to render the chamber thereby created thoroughly waterproof, such shell being so placed and affixed within said excavation as to permit the latter to undergo a very considerable warping, settling,-or other distortion without injury to the imperviousness of the shell. f

Still more specifically, this invention refers to an adaptation of suchshell as will provide for readily draining from the same water accumulated therein by accident or inadvertence, and which will, moreover, afford a means for accommodating a relative movement of elements of construction-such as pillars, pipes, girders, or the like-as may necessarily pass therethrough.

such asA have hitherto obtained it` has been .fOund, owing to the distortions resulting from a settling of the foundations, that cracks and fissures would develo in the impervious walls, which are usual y of brittle and inelastic material, and, furthermore, that'when such waterproof floorsf or walls are made only so thick as to insure their imperviousness they are lacking in suicient strength to withstand the pressure caused by ap `reciable heads of water.

roadly speaking, this invention has a twofold object, being designed", on the one hand, to provide a structure such as will allow of avery considerable settling of foundations without producing any` damage'to the vhomogeneity of the brittle waterproof coating forming a part thereof and, on the other hand, to produce a construct-ion whereby such impervious coating may be made of a ,minimum thickness and yet by a Inode of anchoring the same to the adjacent groundq y, work to produce a structure such` as will eff ectively resist any head of water-pressure that can possibly. occur.

In subter-v, ranean or subaqueous waterproof structures It will be noted that the weight of buildings is carried by the walls of the foundation, which, being under ground, have to be waterproof, and when this is done through the use?v of plastic and ,other material by direct appli-l cation to the foundation-wall surface it is found that in most instances cracks or iissures will gradually develop in such wallsurface on'account of the uneven settlings oll the buildings, and, as will be apparent, these ruptures at once destroy the utility of the applied waterproof coating. I have, however, in the herein-described invention devised a means of flexibly uniting the pipe to the waterproof wall so as to permit considerable relative displacement of the parts Without in any way lessening its imperviousness` vto the flow of fluid, even In cases where the latter is under a very high, head.

With these and other ends in view my invention consists in the combinations, parts, associations, and arrangements hereinafter more specifically set forth, by way of example, in denoting how my invention may be embodied into a structure distinguished by ease of erection, economy in materials employed, andefficiency and durability in use.

Figure l is a view in-sectional perspective illustrating one embodiment ofl my invention and showing specifically the manner of anchoringthe yfloor of the integral shield'to the underlying soil, the manner of flexibly attaching the sidewall of such shield to t e foundation-wall, so asto provide for a se 'tiling of the latter 'without having any deleterious effect other features of constructio suoli as a means of draining the shield and the mode of lproviding for a free waterightmo vement of elements of,'constructior{ passing through the side wall. fl Fig. 2 'is a detail v't/aken in perupon the former, and showinfurthermore, v

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spective and illustrating specilically a modified form of anchor-bolt heads With its means of attachment to the horizontal base-bars. Fig. is a view in sectional perspective showing a modifiedside-wall construction of' my impervious integral shield, in which I utilize a series of overla ping performed impervious plastic plates. lig; 4 is a detail showing in plan the arrangement of the side walls so as t`o allow the various elements of construction passing through the side Walls of my shield to have a Very' considerable lateral play. Fig.l 5 is a top view of Fig. 4, havin indicated thereon in dotted-lines the impervious Wall to which vthe construction here illustrated is affixed. Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line a b of'Fig. 4. Figj7 is a crosssection of an improved sump construction,in

which a member which maybe a sewerpipe, is surrounded by a porous granular bed 11 for allowing Water to seepfrom under the Hoor into the sewer-pipe and sump.

Since in the conditions usually prevailing in subconstruction Work the, surrounding intenid'ed.4

Walls and floors of earth'are either objectionably moist or are saturated with freely-flowing Water, it is highly essential that some means be taken to guard against such moisture and prevent it romsuch iiow, else the/ cellar Will either iill With Water or be so humid as to be unfit for the purposesand uses I have designated by 2 Athe foundation-g walls, which are usually of masonry, but may be of any preferred material, as this invention is designed to be applicable to any and all forms of foundation-Work such as would be likely to obtain in practice. It Will be read- 'ily understood that such foundation-Walls,

even when very substantially constructed, Will generally leak or eXude a very considerable amount of Water. At best such walls are more or less of a hydrosco ic nature and,

as a consequence,'the surface't ereof is objectionably covered With a film of moisture. Even in instances Where such Walls are initially so perfectly constructed that no vleakthat leakage Will occur, and such settling will,

furthermore, so crack such side Walls -as to render them Wholly useless as a waterproofing. It is for this purpose that I prefer to line Vexcavations with a sort of integral shield having a Waterproof construction. Such shell or shield by my improved construcv waterproofing facing, which n in vtion-permits l of being made with thin Walls,` and- -therefore 1a very Vhigh grade of material may be employed'without causing an undue expense. To resist face-pressures, such as Will usually arise from the hyembody in this inventionlame'ans for retaining such thinv Wall against displacement.' Such means affords considerable flexibility laterally, so 'that avery considerable amount of displacement ofthe side Walls, obtained bythe settling ofthe foundations, will not "crack ythe facing. This feature r-of my-in- Chor-rods slidably affixed to the roundWork,Y

so as to be-slightly spaced away om the"sur` face thereofpand to suhfrods is attached theV l Y practice is generally more or=less"brittle, theattachrnent eing done through -the use 4of `protruding tie-bolts, whichtie-bolts engage'with said verticallyextending rods, so as to becapableof sliding therealong. In practice I attain these ends tby means of a series of eyebolts', which lnormally extend into andare 'permanently afliXed 'Within the foundation-Walls'in any suitable ymanner. It will be'noted, lhow,-

ever, that the endslof such eyebolts protrude slightly beyond the face offthewall. Rods 4 pass through the eyes of such bolts, thereby being affixed ina lplane ata slight distance from the face of the foundation-Wall. I have shown such rods 4 as running in avertical direction; but I do not'limit myself-tofany disposition of this nature, as the yobject 4'ofthis arrangement is to provide against the usual direction of settling, which in some instances may be greatest in an inclined direction,1'and.it would then be preierable'toarrange the rods in a corresponding manner Whenever such lvariance can be foreseen. I

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Such rods are also preferably-cylindrical in form in order Athat greater freedom of'actio'n be given the` `attached links. Links, by means of eyes at the'end thereof, unite these IIS vertical bars to brace-bars embedded Within 7 the substance yof the Waterproof Wall.Y vSuch brace-bars have a twofold'func'tion in that they not only serve to'support and stiilen'the thin plastic Wall, but also receive and properly distribute any localized stresses had from the connecting-links.' Ordinarily such brace-bars Will be round or polygonal in cross-section, as shown by 6 in Fig. f1; but

bars'of other shapes, such.v as the T-bars 70 drostatic pressure of accumulatedV water, I

. l l sures a better structure and createsa rather along. The link may be formed from a band of metal to constitute the strano, (shown in Fig. 3,) in which case it will slid ably encircle the bearing-rod and be 'pivotally riveted to the intermediate web of the bracing T- iron.- As Iwill be easilyl comprehended, such a union allows-of-a very considerable displacement between the united parts. An extensive vertical movement, which is the usual direction of settling, may be had by the sliding of the eyebolts along the vertical rods. At the same time a veryappreciable movement inother directions may be permitted, owing to the rocker-like connection formed lby this eyebolt union, by either keeping the pivot clear of, cement or protruding the brace-rod connecting portion beyond the inner face of the waterproof lining. Such wall may be made solely of elastic material and embed the aforesaid brace-reds; but in order, however, that the integrity of such wall may be maintained, even in the presence of considerable stresses, which might tend to disrupt the same, I prefer to form such Wall with one or more intermediately-embedded wire networks 7 and 8, respectively. Such network will usually be located behind the cross-bars 6, so that they may assist inequalizing the pressure transmitted therethrough, or the wallmay be of a plurality of layers of different courses, combined with any number.

of preferred materials, arranged as desired.

In building up the lining it will be convenient to utilize a suitable forni, which will'be set up against the foundation-wall and provided with means for holdingthe metallic skeleton. in place during the application of the plastic cement. Such form may be subsequently withdrawn or may remain perm a` nently in place, as desired, since in the latter case it will be so-adapted as to allow ofthe subsequent settling of the foundation'. e

In case it becomes necessary 'to expedite the construction I may resort to the modified arrangement shown by Fig. 3. Essentially Isuch form consists of a multiplicity of preformed slabs 9, arranged in overlapping relationship and cemented together at contacting faces. These slabs will be kept upright between webs of T-irons 6', and in order that ent, the lining iscapable of rapid assemblage.;

the latter will be protected against corrosion and present`a more sightly appearance the exposed flange of the latter will be surrounded by a series of cover-blocks 9 of plastic material. Such blocks'will be set in place with the joints lapping and securely cemented together, as shown, and, as will be appar- T he eye of such link,l through which passes a bearing-rod 4, is of Q sufficient size for the rcd to freely slide there- Between the facing and backing I may introduce a loose or fibrous filling of any desired material, either to serve as a non-conductor of heat, a water or fire proof composition, or both.

In respect to the floors it will be noted that the settling, if any, will be more uniform than in the case `of the side walls. vConsequently the flooring may be affixed directly tothe underlying groundwork or soil with a .view of preventing the upflow-of water therethrough. The principal difficulty to be contended with in this connection lies in the fact that when the floor is impervious to the flow of fluids an accumulation of water will result in a very considerable hydrostatic head, which will be sufficient in ordinary cases to heave.v up and -break through the flooring. An attempt to overcome this difficulty has been made heretofore by introducing into the floor construction a great thickness of heavy material, the idea being to have the weight of the latter preponderate overthe hydrostatic head of the water; but, as will be readily perceived, such an expedient is very costly in practice and in other ways very unsatisfactory. My system of anchorage is designed so that the thickness of the impervious flooring need not be greater than is abter.

It is to be observed that. the anchorage means is not intended to form a feature of thewaterproofing construction, as this is obtained Aby means of the celnentitious coating, which is anchored securely to the underlying soil. I so anchor this coating by means of a plurality of horizontally-lying bars, which are preferably embedded in the mass of such coat-ing, and these bars I retain in a relatively fixed position in respect to the underlying soil by a series of vertical-that is to say, downwardly extending-anchorbolts. Such bolts I prefer -to make in general of a spiral-like shape-such, for instance, as the ordinary earth-auger-excepting that the shaving end is omitted, since the funetion of this modified auger lies solely in affording a means which will enter the earth with considerable facility and be firmly retained therein, and thereby secure the superposed parts against upheavel. Such anc hor-bolts, which I have indicated` as 14, have their lower ends 14/ flared into a, spirally-running flange after the fashion of a wood-screw or earth-auger. The top portion 14 of suoli screw is hook-shaped, so as IOO modified forms of the same may be resorted to. Thus in Fig. 2 I show the upper end of the bolt 14 as screw-threaded to a union-15,

cross-rods, as shown.

which is arranged to receive the ends'of the By this form of vanchor-bolt I obtain a result which cannot be produced by m'eans of ordinary bolts or staples, as the latter do not provide for becom.- ing clenched into the soilv unless special conditions obtain-such, forinstance, as when the staple or bolt is made with split ends dei assisted, torebut the bending face of a con 2o l ;)vhich may or may not be further reinforced- Y signedto' spread upon contact withl somev hard deflecting substance. Suitable brace-rods 16 are provided to distribute the strain of the anchor-bolts throughout the flooring, which with respect to the waterproof portion will be very thin, and as the latter will be constituted mainly of a plastic orl cementitious material, willbe of little tensile strength and ill adapted, un-

siderable head of water.l Such rods will preferably be embedded in a layer 10 of adhesive material, such as 'a ferro-concrete flooring,

12 of concrete, or I ma vary the same by employing other materia s and arrangements. 'The usual manner of building -my imroved floor will be to iirst insert the anchorolts into the soil to a predetermined depth.

Then pass the cross-rods 16 through the eyesof such .bolts or otherwise aiiiX them together in "a ysecure union and then build up the plasby Fig. 1 may be resorted to.

however, that a secure union be made in or-v tic floor.

p In carrying out the scheme of myinvention I unite the iloor to the adjacent walls in such a manner that the whole constitutes a Water-tlght integral shell whose bottom rests directly upon the soil and is affixed .thereto,.while1the side walls are ilexibly at tached to the foundations of the building in such a fashion as to'allow of a considerable play-and movement between the two. Such union may beaccomplished in the manner shown by 18 in Fig. 3, in which the impervious facings of the wall 9 and iioor 9 are lapped together and bonded by any suitable cementitious material, or the neans shown It 1s deslrable,

der that such joint may 'not subsequently open from some cause or another.

Itwill be apparent that while the above detailed shell or integral liningwill accommodate itself to ordinary shiftin'gsofi'the surroundingfoundations without admitting any water it may at tim es occur that such shield will become flooded from a variety of causes arising out of unusual conditions, and to aid in pumping out such flood orotherwisedraining the cellar I provide an underlying sumppit and closable manhole therefor. sump-pit may eitherbe an open vault suitably braced against colla se, or the same end maybe effectively attained by filling such pit with a' mass of broken stone, gravel, or

the like. s The numerous interstices in the latter will accommodate a very considerable Such amount Aof water and at the same time effectively prevent any collapse of the vault 'or lating in such pit' and around theimpervious shield will be .of an acidulous or corrosive nature, and it is therefore desirable that .such

vmanhole or part be constructed so that the Frequently the water accumuparts thereof that are exposedto the action offsuch Water will be of al durable inert material. In order that the cost of such kdevice may be lessened and its effectiveness augmented, I refer to construct the uneXposed portions ofp iron and the exposed featuresof some inert composition, such as brass. In

shown in Fig. 1, which-comprises a neck or ring 2 0, of hard-setting plastic material, such as hydrolithite, such neck leading to the underlying vault and preferably ,integrally uniting with the impervious iioor. Embedded practice I generally resort to the embodiment within such neck is a cast-iron ring 21 which is provid ed with sm all lugs 22,'spaced around,

its exterior for the purpos'egof securely main# vtaining such ring against turning. Such ring is protected against corrosion by a brass TOO bushing 23, which extends over itsy top in a flange iiush with the floor-surface. Such bushing 23 is interiorly screw-threaded into union with a brass cap 24,having recesses 25 for engagement With a lturn-key or Spanner. The floor will preferably be slightly mclined toward such well, which may be opened and drained whenever occasion re uires.

I have not explained as yet ow I provide for the pipes, beams, guides, columns, and

4'the like, which necessarily pass .intol or through the aforesaid waterproof structure. Such features are usually so aiixed to the building-foundations as to be carried by them in the course of their settling, and con. sequently some hermetic positionable union between the impervious lining of the shield v and the element willbe required. The construction and operation of the positionable connection between f the shifting element and wall will be easily understood upon a reference to the drawings, having particular regard for Figs. 4, 5, and 6. Such element (here shown as a pipe) I have desig-` nated by 30, the wall being, as before described, distinguished b character 9., It is lobvious that the particu ar formation or conseen by inspection of the drawings.

' it is merely necessary l in close sliding contacta-nd that the union l struction of such wall has no bearing upon the now-described connection, as the latter is adapted for use with any stiff impervious linin whether the latter be of plastic materia wood, or other substances commonly employed l,in the construction of buildings. I rovide as a sort of lining to the orifice in th1s Wall an annular face-p ate 31, which as I use-in this present construction may have a right-angled flan e 311, adapting it to a more secure unin wit 1 the wall, as w11] be readil uc face-,plate may terminate in an inner -riin or bearing-surface 312, which extends around the orlfice Without any break whatever. Circumscribing this rim is preferably a recess o r. channel 313, which .extends entirely around such rim, so as to form an annular pocket for the reception of packing or other substitutes of like nature. It is upon this rim that a fianged collar has a water-tight bearing. ySuch flanged collar 32 will preferably be made in sections suitably bolted or otherwise afxed together,.prefcrably lnear its circumference ,by means of angularly-extending bolts 321,with their heads countersunk in recesses, as shown', `and also at a position adjacent the periphery of the pipe by collars having the usual tightening-lues 322. Adjacent the pipe the collar is preferably extended into a funnel-shapedring 323, which by coacting with an annular. angular cap 33 affords a means of readily and tightly packing such collar'to the encircled ipe. lt is obviously immaterial whether tlie member 'the principal which I have here designated as a pipe be such, as a solid rod of other peripheral configurationl 'may be employed, in which case that the encircling collar closely conforms to such peripherall configuration. However, the construction here shown, especially when adapted to girders, will robably be that most frequently met with 1n theseourse of structural erection,

and it has therefmgeen selected as the best invention. Such collar will havewide radially-extending flanges 324, which will protrude over andbear upon the annular seat I circumscribing the orifice. Such flanges will be made of varying width at suitable points, according tothe direction in which it is an- 1 tici ated that the principal displacement wil occur. As shown in the drawings, I.l have illustrated the flange as having agi-eater vertical than horizontal width,

because. it I may be expected that the usual settling and distortion of foundations will be greatest in this direction. To accommodate this greater f displacement, the circumscribing pocket or i recess will be of corresponding size to allow 'i of such movement. l,

That the aforesaid parts may be retained i therebetween may be further improved I applly a cap-plate'34, which is formed with orice and bearing seats corres onding to such face plate. Such cap will) preferably be made 1n a number of sectionssuitably bolted together by means of anges 35; but this is a feature which maybe altered as conditions In some mstances-such as, for example, where the pipes, columns, I.- beams, or like members ass u through the floor instead of through t e wa l-it is not so necessary to provide for a lateral displacement of such members. In these instances movement and shifting will be in a direction along the axis of such protruding member, and it is merely necessary to provide for a very slight displacement in this direction. In the case of pipes where it is not anticipated that any appreciable lateral displacement may take place it'is best l,to employ a structure in which a bushing or acking ring is provided with lugs and bolts drawing into contact therewith a coacting'ring, together with packing material. The bushing is preferably covered over a lining of hydrolithic mortar or other suitable material.

The various'modications in the specific detailsl of this construction which may be resorted to Within the scope of this invention will be' understood upon referring to the following claims.

1. In a waterproof-wall construction, an impervious wall, eyebolts .pivotally afiixed thereto and at their other end pivotally and slidably affixed to a supporting-wall.

2. In a .building construction, a background, eyebolts arixed'therein, bars passing through the eyes of such bolts, links encircling such bar at one end and encircling transversely-extending bars at their other end, said bars being embedded within and maintaining in place a wall of impervious material.

3. In. a building construction, a chamber, and an integral impervious casing of plastic material set therein, said casing being rigidly anchored to the floor of said chamber and may require.

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iexibly aflixed to the wall thereof by a link f chamber and rigidly anchored thereto by means of a series of y-*ertically-extending anchor-bolts. lu a building construction, an impervious septum, forming a casing having bonded walls and a bottom having a series of bars I embedded therein, and a pluralityT of anchorbolts aflixed at one end to said bars and at the other to the adjacent chamber-face, said bars being provided at such end with relatively Wide screW-fianges.

6. In a building construction, a casing havin(lr bonded side Walls and an impervious floor, bars embedded therein, and a plurality of anchor-bolts affixed to said rbars at their upper end and retained in the underlying soil by means of Wide spiral flanges extending from their lower end.

7. In a building construction, an impervious casing having bonded side Walls and a Hoor of impervious lastio material affixed to the underlying soi byzmeans of a plurality of anchor-bolts having Wide screw-threads for en agement Withthe soil.

8. n a building construction, an imper vious casing having bonded side Walls and a relatively thin floor of impervious material', a series of bars bracing said floor and embedded In testimony whereof I aflix my signature in presence of two Witnessesl EDWARD JARVIS WINSLOW.

-Witnesses :l

ALBERT F. NATHAN, EDITH C. SCERLES.

olts, a- 'ove said bars, and an' 

